Active Passive Voice
Active Voice के sentence को Passive Voice के Sentence में और Passive Voice के sentence को Active Voice के sentence में बदलकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active Voice में कर्ता स्वयं कार्य करता है। Passive Voice में यह प्रकट किया जाता है कि वह कार्य किसके द्वारा किया गया है ।
Active - Mohan writes a letter.
Passive - A letter is written by Mohan.
उपर्युक्त प्रथम वाक्य में Mohan वाक्य का Subject है तथा Mohan ही write क्रिया का करने वाला है। दूसरे वाक्य में letter शब्द कर्ता के स्थान पर है, वह क्रिया का करने वाला नहीं है, उसके साथ कुछ क्रिया की गई है अर्थात Active Voice में कार्य करने वाले (कर्ता) को प्रधानता दी जाती है तथा Passive Voice में कर्म को ।
ACTIVE से PASSIVE बनाना
Assertive Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Active से Passive बनाते समय Object को Subject और Subject को Object स्थान पर ले आते है तथा Object के पहले प्राय: by लगा देते है। जैसे -
Active - The policeman has caught the thief.
Passive - The thief has been caught by the policeman.
हम देखते है कि पहले वाक्य में policeman, Subject है और thief, Object है लेकिन दूसरे वाक्य में thief को Subject बना दिया तथा policeman को by Preposition का Object बना दिया है।
Rule 2. दिये हुए Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) उसके पहले उसी Tense का Verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) का रूप लगा दिया जाता है, जैसा कि निम्न तालिका में दिया गया है -
नियमों को भली-भाँति समझने के लिए अन्य उदाहरण देखिये -
1. Active - Hari teaches Mohan.
Passive - Mohan is taught by Hari.
2. Active - They believe me.
Passive - I am believed by them.
3. Active - He is praising me.
Passive - I am being praised by him.
4. Active - A snake has bitten the child.
Passive - The child has been bitten by a snake.
5. Active - The cat killed the mouse.
Passive - The mouse was killed by the cat.
6. Active - She gave me a book.
Passive - I was given a book by her. Or
A book was given me by her. Or
A book was given to me by her.
7. Active - The carpenter was making a table.
Passive - A table was being made by the carpenter.
8. Active - Ramesh had written a letter.
Passive - A letter had been written by Ramesh.
9. Active - He will help you.
Passive - You will be helped by him.
10. Active - They will have finished the work.
Passive - The work will have been finished by them.
Note 1. Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous तथा Future Continuous का Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 2. केवल Transitive Verbs का ही Passive Voice बन सकता है, Intransitive Verbs का नहीं। Intransitive Verbs का Object न होने से Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 3. कुछ Verbs के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'by' Preposition के स्थान पर अन्य Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
a. Surprised, astonished, disappointed, distressed, displeased तथा alarmed के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'at' का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Your intelligence surprised me.
Passive - I was surprised at your intelligence.
2. Active - His success astonished us.
Passive - We were astonished at his success.
3. Active - His failure disappointed me.
Passive - I was disappointed at his failure.
4. Active - His defeat distressed me.
Passive - I was distressed at his defeat.
5. Active - His rude behaviour displeased the teachers.
Passive - The teachers were displeased at his rude behaviour.
6. Active - This news alarmed his father.
Passive - His father was alarmed at this news.
b. Known तथा obliged के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'to' आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Everybody knows Gandhiji.
Passive - Gandhiji is known to everybody.
2. Active - He will oblige me.
Passive - I shall be obliged to him.
c. Pleased, Satisfied, disgusted, charmed, thronged, lined आदि के पश्चात Passive Voice में 'with' का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे -
1. Active - My behaviour pleased him.
Passive - He was pleased with my behaviour.
2. Active - Your work, satisfies the officers.
Passive - The officers are satisfied with your work.
3. ACtive - Her failure disgusted her parents.
Passive - Her parents were disgusted with her failure.
4. ACtive - Her sweet song charmed the listeners.
Passive - The listeners were charmed with her sweet song.
5. Active - The students thronged the college hall.
Passive - The college hall was thronged with the students.
6. Active - The passengers lined the booking window.
Passive - The booking window was lined with the passengers.
d. Contained तथा Interested के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'in' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
1. Active - This box contains many beautiful things.
Passive - Many beautiful things are contained in this box.
2. Active - This case interest the lawyers.
Passive - The lawyers are interested in this case.
3. Active - This book interest me.
Passive - I am interested in this book.
Note 4. कुछ Intransitive Verbs के साथ Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। Preposition के साथ मिलकर ये क्रियाएँ (Verbs) Transitive Verbs का कार्य करती है। Passive Voice में Prepositions क्रिया के साथ रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - The girls laughed at me.
Passive - I was laughed at by the girls.
2. Active - He looks after my children.
Passive - My children are looked after by him.
Note 5. जिन Verbs के दो Objects (कर्म) होते है Passive Voice में बदलते समय उनमें से कोई एक Subject हो जाता है तथा दूसरा अपने ही स्थान पर Object बना रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He gave me a rupee.
Passive - I was given a rupee by him. Or
A rupee was given me by him. Or
A rupee was given to me by him.
2. Active - I taught him English.
Passive - He was taught English by me. Or
Englsih was taught him by me.
Note 6. कभी-कभी Passive Voice में कार्य करने वाले doer का प्रयोग नहीं होता, क्योंकि वह महत्वपूर्ण नहीं होता। जैसे -
1. Active - Someone has stolen my pen.
Passive - My pen has been stolen.
2. Active - People speak English all over the world.
Passive - English is spoken all over the world.
Interrogative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) Sentence का Passive Voice भी प्रश्नवाचक में बनता है। प्रश्नवाचक प्रश्न का पहले साधारण वाक्य बनाओ। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को Voice के नियमानुसार Passive में बदलो। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में बदलो। जैसे -
Did he kill a lion ? (Active Interrogative)
He killed a lion. (Active Assertive)
A lion was killed by him. (Passive Assertive)
Was a lion killed by him ? (Passive Interrogative)
इस प्रकार Did he kill a lion? का Passive Voice हुआ Was a lion killed by him ?
जिन प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग होता है, उनमें do/does/did के स्थान पर, Object के Number और क्रिया के Tense के अनुसार am/is/are/was/were आदि का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में किया गया है।
1. Active - When does he help me /
Passive - When am I helped by him ?
2. Active - DO you help your friends ?
Passive - Are your friends helped by you ?
बहुत से प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग नहीं होता क्योंकि उनमें दूसरे Auxiliary Verbs आते हैं, जैसे -
1. Active - Will she write a book ?
Passive - Will a book be written by her ?
2. Active - Are they not helping me ?
Passive - Am I not being helped by them ?
3. Active - When will she write a book ?
Passive - When will a book be written by her ?
4. Active - Is the hunter killing a bird ?
Passive - Is a bird being killed by the hunter ?
5. Active - May I see it ?
Passive - May it be seen by me ?
जो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Who से प्रारम्भ होते है उनका Passive Voice का वाक्य By whom से पारम्भ होता है। अन्य परिवर्तन वर्णित नियमों के अनुसार होते है ।
1. Active - Who has written this book ?
Passive - By whom has this book been written ?
2. Active - Who stole the pen ?
Passive - By whom was the pen stolen ?
Imperative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Imperative Sentences को Passive में बदलने के लिए वाक्य में अपनी ओर से Let का प्रयोग करे तथा उसे वाक्य के प्रारम्भ में रखे। उसके बाद Object (कर्म) का प्रयोग करे। इसके पश्चात be + Past Participle अर्थात क्रिया के third form का प्रयोग करे।
क्रम - ( Let + Object + be + third form of the Verb)
जैसे - Write a letter, का Passive Voice Let a letter be written. हो जाता है।
1. Active - Post this letter.
Passive - Let this letter be posted.
2. Active - Tell him to wait.
Passive - Let him be told to wait.
3. Active - Open the door.
Passive - Let the door be opened.
नोट - आज्ञासूचक वाक्यो का Passive Voice में परिवर्तन निम्न क्रम में किया जा सकता है :
(Object + should + be + third form of Verb)
The door should be opened.
Rule 2. जब Imperative Sentence Negative हो तो सहायक क्रिया 'Do' को हटा दिया जाता है जैसे -
1. Active - Do not kill the bird.
Passive - Let he bird not be killed.
2. Active - Do not abuse Ram.
Passive - Let Ram not be abused.
Rule 3. अगर प्रार्थनासूचक (Imperative) वाक्यों में Please आये तो Passive Voice बनाते समय 'You are requested to' का प्रयोग होता है। यदि वाक्य से सलाह या सुझाव का बोध हो तो Passive Voice में 'You are advised to' का प्रयोग करते है। जैसे
1. Active - Please go to school.
Passive - You are requested to go to school.
2. Active - Please give him a book.
Passive - You are requested to give him a book.
3. Active - Obey the rules of the road.
Passive - You are advised to obey the rules of the road.
कुछ Special प्रकार के वाक्यों के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. यदि Active Voice के वाक्यों में Verb का Object एक शब्द या Phrase न होकर एक Clause होता है तो Passive Voice में Verb के लिए It का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
Active - They say that the king is coming.
Passive - It is said that the king is coming.
Rule 2. कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट Active Voice में (is/am/are/was/were + to + Verb क्रम में होती है। ऐसे वाक्यों के Passive Voice में am/is/are/was/were के बाद to be आता है तथा उस Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He is to help me.
Passive - I am to be helped by him.
2. Active - I was to help him.
Passive - He was to be helped by me.
Rule 3. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट has/have/had + to + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है।
Active - We have to help him.
Passive - He has to be helped by us.
Rule 4. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट can/could/may/might/will/shall/must/should/would + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है -
1. Active - He should help her.
Passive - She should be helped by him.
2. Active - I can help him.
Passive - He can be helped by me.
PASSIVE से ACTIVE बनाना
Passive से Active बनाकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active से Passive बनाने के नियमों को उलटे प्रयोग कर देने से Passive से Active बनाया जा सकता है। जैसे -
1. Passive - He is loved by me.
Active - I love him.
2. Passive - A book was bought by him.
Active - He bought a book.
3. Passive - I shall be helped by her.
Active - She will help me.
4. Passive Mangoes are being eaten by them.
Active - They are eating mangoes.
5. Passive - Milk was being drunk by us.
Active - We were drinking milk.
6. Passive - The book has been read by me.
Active - I have read the book.
7. Passive - The apple had been eaten by her.
Active - She had eaten the apple.
8. Passive - A bird will have been killed by him.
Active - He will have killed a bird.
9. Passive - Is it liked by them ?
Active - Do they like it ?
10. Passive - Why was the cow sold by him?
Active - Why did he sell the cow ?
11. Passive - Let his scooter be sold off.
Active - Sell off this scooter.
12. Passive - Let him be told to wait.
Active - Tell him to wait.
13. Passive - You are requested to help me.
Active - Please help me.
14. Passive - The captain must be obeyed by them.
Active - They must obey the captain.
Active Voice के sentence को Passive Voice के Sentence में और Passive Voice के sentence को Active Voice के sentence में बदलकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active Voice में कर्ता स्वयं कार्य करता है। Passive Voice में यह प्रकट किया जाता है कि वह कार्य किसके द्वारा किया गया है ।
Active - Mohan writes a letter.
Passive - A letter is written by Mohan.
उपर्युक्त प्रथम वाक्य में Mohan वाक्य का Subject है तथा Mohan ही write क्रिया का करने वाला है। दूसरे वाक्य में letter शब्द कर्ता के स्थान पर है, वह क्रिया का करने वाला नहीं है, उसके साथ कुछ क्रिया की गई है अर्थात Active Voice में कार्य करने वाले (कर्ता) को प्रधानता दी जाती है तथा Passive Voice में कर्म को ।
ACTIVE से PASSIVE बनाना
Assertive Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Active से Passive बनाते समय Object को Subject और Subject को Object स्थान पर ले आते है तथा Object के पहले प्राय: by लगा देते है। जैसे -
Active - The policeman has caught the thief.
Passive - The thief has been caught by the policeman.
हम देखते है कि पहले वाक्य में policeman, Subject है और thief, Object है लेकिन दूसरे वाक्य में thief को Subject बना दिया तथा policeman को by Preposition का Object बना दिया है।
Rule 2. दिये हुए Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) उसके पहले उसी Tense का Verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) का रूप लगा दिया जाता है, जैसा कि निम्न तालिका में दिया गया है -
नियमों को भली-भाँति समझने के लिए अन्य उदाहरण देखिये -
1. Active - Hari teaches Mohan.
Passive - Mohan is taught by Hari.
2. Active - They believe me.
Passive - I am believed by them.
3. Active - He is praising me.
Passive - I am being praised by him.
4. Active - A snake has bitten the child.
Passive - The child has been bitten by a snake.
5. Active - The cat killed the mouse.
Passive - The mouse was killed by the cat.
6. Active - She gave me a book.
Passive - I was given a book by her. Or
A book was given me by her. Or
A book was given to me by her.
7. Active - The carpenter was making a table.
Passive - A table was being made by the carpenter.
8. Active - Ramesh had written a letter.
Passive - A letter had been written by Ramesh.
9. Active - He will help you.
Passive - You will be helped by him.
10. Active - They will have finished the work.
Passive - The work will have been finished by them.
Note 1. Present Perfect Continuous, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous तथा Future Continuous का Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 2. केवल Transitive Verbs का ही Passive Voice बन सकता है, Intransitive Verbs का नहीं। Intransitive Verbs का Object न होने से Passive Voice नहीं बनता है।
Note 3. कुछ Verbs के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'by' Preposition के स्थान पर अन्य Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
a. Surprised, astonished, disappointed, distressed, displeased तथा alarmed के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'at' का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Your intelligence surprised me.
Passive - I was surprised at your intelligence.
2. Active - His success astonished us.
Passive - We were astonished at his success.
3. Active - His failure disappointed me.
Passive - I was disappointed at his failure.
4. Active - His defeat distressed me.
Passive - I was distressed at his defeat.
5. Active - His rude behaviour displeased the teachers.
Passive - The teachers were displeased at his rude behaviour.
6. Active - This news alarmed his father.
Passive - His father was alarmed at this news.
b. Known तथा obliged के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'to' आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - Everybody knows Gandhiji.
Passive - Gandhiji is known to everybody.
2. Active - He will oblige me.
Passive - I shall be obliged to him.
c. Pleased, Satisfied, disgusted, charmed, thronged, lined आदि के पश्चात Passive Voice में 'with' का प्रयोग होता है । जैसे -
1. Active - My behaviour pleased him.
Passive - He was pleased with my behaviour.
2. Active - Your work, satisfies the officers.
Passive - The officers are satisfied with your work.
3. ACtive - Her failure disgusted her parents.
Passive - Her parents were disgusted with her failure.
4. ACtive - Her sweet song charmed the listeners.
Passive - The listeners were charmed with her sweet song.
5. Active - The students thronged the college hall.
Passive - The college hall was thronged with the students.
6. Active - The passengers lined the booking window.
Passive - The booking window was lined with the passengers.
d. Contained तथा Interested के पश्चात् Passive Voice में 'in' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
1. Active - This box contains many beautiful things.
Passive - Many beautiful things are contained in this box.
2. Active - This case interest the lawyers.
Passive - The lawyers are interested in this case.
3. Active - This book interest me.
Passive - I am interested in this book.
Note 4. कुछ Intransitive Verbs के साथ Prepositions का प्रयोग होता है। Preposition के साथ मिलकर ये क्रियाएँ (Verbs) Transitive Verbs का कार्य करती है। Passive Voice में Prepositions क्रिया के साथ रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - The girls laughed at me.
Passive - I was laughed at by the girls.
2. Active - He looks after my children.
Passive - My children are looked after by him.
Note 5. जिन Verbs के दो Objects (कर्म) होते है Passive Voice में बदलते समय उनमें से कोई एक Subject हो जाता है तथा दूसरा अपने ही स्थान पर Object बना रहता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He gave me a rupee.
Passive - I was given a rupee by him. Or
A rupee was given me by him. Or
A rupee was given to me by him.
2. Active - I taught him English.
Passive - He was taught English by me. Or
Englsih was taught him by me.
Note 6. कभी-कभी Passive Voice में कार्य करने वाले doer का प्रयोग नहीं होता, क्योंकि वह महत्वपूर्ण नहीं होता। जैसे -
1. Active - Someone has stolen my pen.
Passive - My pen has been stolen.
2. Active - People speak English all over the world.
Passive - English is spoken all over the world.
Interrogative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) Sentence का Passive Voice भी प्रश्नवाचक में बनता है। प्रश्नवाचक प्रश्न का पहले साधारण वाक्य बनाओ। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को Voice के नियमानुसार Passive में बदलो। उसके बाद उस वाक्य को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में बदलो। जैसे -
Did he kill a lion ? (Active Interrogative)
He killed a lion. (Active Assertive)
A lion was killed by him. (Passive Assertive)
Was a lion killed by him ? (Passive Interrogative)
इस प्रकार Did he kill a lion? का Passive Voice हुआ Was a lion killed by him ?
जिन प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग होता है, उनमें do/does/did के स्थान पर, Object के Number और क्रिया के Tense के अनुसार am/is/are/was/were आदि का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में किया गया है।
1. Active - When does he help me /
Passive - When am I helped by him ?
2. Active - DO you help your friends ?
Passive - Are your friends helped by you ?
बहुत से प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में do/does/did का प्रयोग नहीं होता क्योंकि उनमें दूसरे Auxiliary Verbs आते हैं, जैसे -
1. Active - Will she write a book ?
Passive - Will a book be written by her ?
2. Active - Are they not helping me ?
Passive - Am I not being helped by them ?
3. Active - When will she write a book ?
Passive - When will a book be written by her ?
4. Active - Is the hunter killing a bird ?
Passive - Is a bird being killed by the hunter ?
5. Active - May I see it ?
Passive - May it be seen by me ?
जो प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य Who से प्रारम्भ होते है उनका Passive Voice का वाक्य By whom से पारम्भ होता है। अन्य परिवर्तन वर्णित नियमों के अनुसार होते है ।
1. Active - Who has written this book ?
Passive - By whom has this book been written ?
2. Active - Who stole the pen ?
Passive - By whom was the pen stolen ?
Imperative Sentences के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. Imperative Sentences को Passive में बदलने के लिए वाक्य में अपनी ओर से Let का प्रयोग करे तथा उसे वाक्य के प्रारम्भ में रखे। उसके बाद Object (कर्म) का प्रयोग करे। इसके पश्चात be + Past Participle अर्थात क्रिया के third form का प्रयोग करे।
क्रम - ( Let + Object + be + third form of the Verb)
जैसे - Write a letter, का Passive Voice Let a letter be written. हो जाता है।
1. Active - Post this letter.
Passive - Let this letter be posted.
2. Active - Tell him to wait.
Passive - Let him be told to wait.
3. Active - Open the door.
Passive - Let the door be opened.
नोट - आज्ञासूचक वाक्यो का Passive Voice में परिवर्तन निम्न क्रम में किया जा सकता है :
(Object + should + be + third form of Verb)
The door should be opened.
Rule 2. जब Imperative Sentence Negative हो तो सहायक क्रिया 'Do' को हटा दिया जाता है जैसे -
1. Active - Do not kill the bird.
Passive - Let he bird not be killed.
2. Active - Do not abuse Ram.
Passive - Let Ram not be abused.
Rule 3. अगर प्रार्थनासूचक (Imperative) वाक्यों में Please आये तो Passive Voice बनाते समय 'You are requested to' का प्रयोग होता है। यदि वाक्य से सलाह या सुझाव का बोध हो तो Passive Voice में 'You are advised to' का प्रयोग करते है। जैसे
1. Active - Please go to school.
Passive - You are requested to go to school.
2. Active - Please give him a book.
Passive - You are requested to give him a book.
3. Active - Obey the rules of the road.
Passive - You are advised to obey the rules of the road.
कुछ Special प्रकार के वाक्यों के Voice में परिवर्तन
Rule 1. यदि Active Voice के वाक्यों में Verb का Object एक शब्द या Phrase न होकर एक Clause होता है तो Passive Voice में Verb के लिए It का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
Active - They say that the king is coming.
Passive - It is said that the king is coming.
Rule 2. कुछ वाक्यों की बनावट Active Voice में (is/am/are/was/were + to + Verb क्रम में होती है। ऐसे वाक्यों के Passive Voice में am/is/are/was/were के बाद to be आता है तथा उस Verb का Past Participle (तीसरा रूप) आता है। जैसे -
1. Active - He is to help me.
Passive - I am to be helped by him.
2. Active - I was to help him.
Passive - He was to be helped by me.
Rule 3. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट has/have/had + to + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है।
Active - We have to help him.
Passive - He has to be helped by us.
Rule 4. जिन वाक्यों की Active Voice में बनावट can/could/may/might/will/shall/must/should/would + Verb के क्रम में होती है उनका Passive निम्न प्रकार होता है -
1. Active - He should help her.
Passive - She should be helped by him.
2. Active - I can help him.
Passive - He can be helped by me.
PASSIVE से ACTIVE बनाना
Passive से Active बनाकर भी Transformation किया जाता है। Active से Passive बनाने के नियमों को उलटे प्रयोग कर देने से Passive से Active बनाया जा सकता है। जैसे -
1. Passive - He is loved by me.
Active - I love him.
2. Passive - A book was bought by him.
Active - He bought a book.
3. Passive - I shall be helped by her.
Active - She will help me.
4. Passive Mangoes are being eaten by them.
Active - They are eating mangoes.
5. Passive - Milk was being drunk by us.
Active - We were drinking milk.
6. Passive - The book has been read by me.
Active - I have read the book.
7. Passive - The apple had been eaten by her.
Active - She had eaten the apple.
8. Passive - A bird will have been killed by him.
Active - He will have killed a bird.
9. Passive - Is it liked by them ?
Active - Do they like it ?
10. Passive - Why was the cow sold by him?
Active - Why did he sell the cow ?
11. Passive - Let his scooter be sold off.
Active - Sell off this scooter.
12. Passive - Let him be told to wait.
Active - Tell him to wait.
13. Passive - You are requested to help me.
Active - Please help me.
14. Passive - The captain must be obeyed by them.
Active - They must obey the captain.
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